Medieval Mongolian woman died after massive blow to head

Intriguing new details have emerged about a medieval mummy known for her 'Adidas' boots - which she wore more than a millennia ago.

Scientists believe the body of a woman found in April last year, died up to 1,100 years ago from a blow to the head 
[Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

The body of the woman was discovered a year ago this week in the Altai mountains region of Mongolia.

And her body and possessions remained so remarkably preserved that experts are still uncovering some of the secrets they keep.

Now, scientists have discovered that the mummy suffered a significant blow to the head before her death. 

Her trademark felt boots - which feature red and black stripes and metal buckle work - have been
 carefully cleaned and restored [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of Cultural 
Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

The Mongolian woman - aged between 30 and 40 - hit headlines in April 2016, thanks to her modern-looking footwear, which some likened to a pair of trainers.

In the intervening 12 months, scientists have been working to find out more about the mysterious Mongolian mummy.

Experts from the Centre of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia now believe the woman died up to 1,100 years ago after suffering a serious head wound.

The items of clothing found, like this jacket, were decorated with fine embroidery patterns 
[Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of Cultural Heritage 
of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

Initial examinations found that 'it was quite possible that the traces of a blow to the mummy's facial bones were the cause of her death'.

They are still seeking to verify the exact age of the burial, but they estimate it took place in the tenth century - more recently than originally thought.

The high altitude and cold climate helped to preserve both the woman's body and her belongings.

Experts believe she may have been a seamstress, due to a variety of sewing equipment which was found inside her bag,
 as well as the embroidery on her clothing [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of 
Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

And a coating of Shilajit - a thick, sticky tar-like substance with a colour ranging from white to dark brown - that covered her body aided this process.

Some skin and hair can be seen on her remains, which were wrapped in felt.

The woman was buried alongside a number of her possessions - including a handbag and four changes of clothes.

Despite her seemingly lavish possessions archaeologists believe she was an 'ordinary' women of her time,
 rather than an aristocrat or royal [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of 
Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

A comb and a mirror from her beauty kit were also found, along with a knife.

Her horse and a saddle with metal stirrups in such good condition that it could be used today were buried as well.

But despite her seemingly lavish possessions archaeologists believe she was an 'ordinary' women of her time, rather than an aristocrat or royal.

The preserved remains of a horse were uncovered at the burial site [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/
The Center of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

'Judging by what was found inside the burial, we guess that she was from an ordinary social strata,' added Mr Enkhbat.

'Various sewing utensils were found with her.

'This is only our guess, but we think she could have been a seamstress.'

A saddle with metal stirrups in such good condition that it could be used today were found alongside it 
[Credit: The Mongolian Observer/The Center of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

'Inside (her bag) was the sewing kit and since the embroidery was on both the bag and the shoes, we can be certain that the embroidery was done by locals.'

The grave was unearthed at an altitude of 9,200ft (2,803 metres) and the woman is believed to be of Turkic origin.

It appears to be the first complete Turkic burial in Central Asia.

The Mongolian woman is believed to have been aged between 30 and 40 when she died. Some skin and hair 
can be seen on her remains, which were wrapped in felt [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/
The Center of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

A host of possessions were found in the grave, offering a unique insight into life in medieval Mongolia.

These included a saddle, bridle, clay vase, wooden bowl, trough, iron kettle, the remains of an entire horse, and ancient clothing.

There were also pillows, a sheep's head and felt travel bag in which were placed the whole back of a sheep, goat bones and small leather bag designed to carry a cup. 

Experts from the Centre of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia have worked for the past 12 months 
to restore the items they found buried [Credit: The Mongolian Observer/
The Center of Cultural Heritage of Mongolia/Siberian Times]

Archaeologists from the city museum in Khovd were alerted to the burial site by local herdsmen.

The Altai Mountains - where the burial was discovered - unite Siberia, in Russia, and Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan.

Author: Will Stewart | Source: DailyMail [April 13, 2017]

byUnknown

in Anthropology, Asia, Central Asia, Forensics, Mongolia

April 13, 2017

Medieval Mongolian woman died after massive blow to head

Intriguing new details have emerged about a medieval mummy known for her 'Adidas' boots - which she wore more than a millennia ago. ...

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Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women

In an earlier study Professor Kristian Kristiansen from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden and Lundbeck Foundation Professor Eske Willerslev from the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen, and their research teams, showed that the large demographic changes during the first part of the Bronze Age happened as a result of massive migrations of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppes into Neolithic Europe. They were also able to show that plague was widespread in both Europe and Central Asia at this time.

Corded ware vessel, an axe and two discs made of amber from an early male grave 
[Credit: Danish National Museum]

Now Professor Kristiansen and Professor Willerslev with co-authors reveal a more detailed view of the mechanism behind the emerging culture known as the Corded Ware Culture -- the result of the encounter between the Yamnaya and the Neolithic people.

Professor Kristian Kristiansen says: "We are now for the first time able to combine results from genetics, strontium isotopes on mobility and diet, and historical linguistics on language change, to demonstrate how the integration process unfolded on the ground after the Yamnaya migrations from the steppe. In our grand synthesis we argue that Yamnaya migrants were predominantly males, who married women who came from neighbouring Stone Age farming societies"

These Stone Age Neolithic societies were based on large farming communities reflected in their collective burial ritual often in big stone chambers, so called megaliths. Very different from the traditions of the incoming migrants.

The origin of the Yamnaya

The Yamnaya people originated on the Caspian steppes where they lived as pastoralists and herders, using wagons as mobile homes. From burial pits archaeologists have found extensive use of thick plant mats and felt covers.

Their economy was based on meat, dairy products and fish, they were tall and rather healthy with little caries in their teeth. No agriculture is documented. Barrows were aligned in groups forming lines in the landscape to mark seasonal routes and after death diseased people were put into individual graves under small family barrows.

Their burial ritual thus embodied a new perception of the individual and of small monogamous family groups as the foundation of society. The continent encountered by the Yamnaya people around 3000 BC had seen a decline in the agrarian Stone Age societies, thereby allowing space for incoming migrants. This decline was probably the result of a widespread plague from Siberia to the Baltic.

"The disease dynamic here may have been comparable to the European colonization process in America after Christopher Columbus," says Kristiansen. "Perhaps Yamnaya brought plague to Europe and caused a massive collapse in the population."

Barrows in the Danish landscape [Credit: Danish National Museum]

"Black Youth" as migrating males and their marriage to Neolithic women

In the new article, Kristiansen and colleagues argue for a dominance of males during the early phase after the migrations, and correspond to the old Indo-European mythology of later times. These sources talk about war-bands of youths -- called "Black Youth" -- who were employed in pioneer migrations as a dynamic force.

Evidence from strontium isotopic analyses, published in 2016 by Kristiansen together with Douglas Price and Karl Goran Sjogren, showed that a majority of the women in Corded Ware burials in south Germany were non-locals who had married in from Neolithic societies, since they had a Neolithic diet in their childhood. These results now form part of the new synthesis.

Professor Kristian Kristiansen says: "Existing archaeological evidence of a strong 90% male dominance in the early phase of the Corded Ware/Single Grave Culture settlement in Jutland, Denmark, and elsewhere can now be explained by the old Indo-European tradition of war bands of young males who did not have any inheritance to look forward to. Therefore they were probably more willing to make a career as migrating war bands."

These Neolithic women also brought new knowledge of pottery production, and started to imitate pottery containers made of wood from the Yamnaya migrants. In this way a new pottery culture was created called Corded Ware, because of the cord impressions around the neck of the pots. They were made for beer drinking, and the new migrants also learned how to grow barley from the in-married Neolithic women in order to produce beer.

Rapid genetic changeover from Neolithic to Corded Ware cultures after 3000 BC

Eske Willerslev undertook the ancient DNA analyses together with Morten Allentoft and Martin Sikora. Professor Willerslev says:

Typical group of Danish Bronze Age barrows [Credit: Kristian Kristiansen]

"In our big Bronze Age study, published in 2015 we were astonished to see how strong and fast the genetic changeover was from the Neolithic to the Corded Ware. There was a heavy reduction of Neolithic DNA in temperate Europe, and a dramatic increase of the new Yamnaya genomic component that was only marginally present in Europe prior to 3000 BC. Moreover, the apparent abruptness with which this change occurred indicates that it was a large-scale migration event, rather than a slow periodic inflow of people."

New words and new Proto-Germanic dialect

The Yamnaya brought the Indo-European languages into Bronze Age Europe, but as herders, they did not have words for crops or cultivation, unlike the Neolithic farmers. As the Corded Ware Culture developed it adopted words related to farming from the indigenous Neolithic people, which they were admixing with.

Guus Kroonen, a historical linguist, was able to demonstrate that these new words did not belong to the original Indo-European languages. Therefore it was possible to conclude that the Neolithic people were not speaking an Indo-European language, as did the Yamnaya migrants. Thus, the process of genetic and cultural admixture was accompanied by a process of language admixture, creating the foundations for later Germanic languages, termed Proto-Germanic.

The birth of the Bronze Age

The Yamnaya migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe into temperate Europe changed the course of history: they brought not only a new language, but also new ideas about how society was organized around small monogamous families with individual ownership to animals and land. This new society became the foundation for the Bronze Age, and for the way European societies continued to develop to the present.

Source: Faculty of Science - University of Copenhagen [April 04, 2017]

byUnknown

in Anthropology, Central Asia, Europe, Genetics, Northern Europe

April 04, 2017

Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women

In an earlier study Professor Kristian Kristiansen from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden and Lundbeck Foundation Professor Eske Willer...

Read More